1. Carbon monoxide, the "silent killer".

Carbon monoxide is inhaled into the body and combined with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin and is difficult to separate, resulting in tissue hypoxia and damage, which is called carbon monoxide poisoning.

Because carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas, it is known as the "silent killer".

(1) What are the situations in life where carbon monoxide poisoning may occur?

All carbon-containing substances such as coal, oil, wood, etc., can produce carbon monoxide when they are not fully burned, and carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused if the ventilation is not good.

1. Use coal fire for heating in the case of poor ventilation.

2. Use earth heater for heating under poor ventilation.

3. When the doors and windows are closed, use small coal stoves, iron drums and other appliances to heat the house.

4. Turn on the engine continuously in the car in the garage.

5. Use diesel or gasoline engines in small spaces, such as roadways, wells, caves, etc.

(2) What are the manifestations of carbon monoxide poisoning?

When the patient is poisoned by carbon monoxide poisoning, he initially feels headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, and when he realizes the poisoning, he often struggles to get out of bed to open the door and open the window, but it is often too late, and few people can open the door, and then the patient quickly develops convulsions, coma, and cherry red on the cheeks, chest skin and lips, and can die quickly if the treatment is not timely.

A. Light: The poisoning time is short, and the carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is 10%~20%. It is manifested as the early symptoms of poisoning, headache, dizziness, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, weakness of limbs and even temporary fainting, generally conscious, inhaling fresh air, and after getting out of the poisoned environment, the symptoms disappear quickly, and generally do not leave sequelae.

B. Medium: the poisoning time is slightly longer, the carboxyhemoglobin in the blood accounts for 30%~40%, and on the basis of mild symptoms, prostration or coma may occur. The skin and mucous membranes have a cherry-red color characteristic of gas poisoning. If the rescue is timely, it can wake up quickly, recover completely within a few days, and generally have no sequelae.

C. Severe: found too late, inhaled too much carbon monoxide, or inhaled high concentrations of carbon monoxide in a short period of time, the blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration is often more than 50%, the patient presents a deep coma, various reflexes disappear, incontinence, cold limbs, blood pressure drops, shortness of breath, and will soon die. In general, the longer the coma, the more serious the prognosis, often with sequelae such as dementia, memory and comprehension loss, and limb paralysis.

(3) How to first aid carbon monoxide poisoning?

1. Pay attention to the on-site environment, eliminate hidden dangers, and confirm safety.

2. Open the window immediately, move the patient to a well-ventilated place with fresh air, and pay attention to keeping warm.

3. Clear mouth and nose secretions, loosen the buttons to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and if you find that your breathing and heartbeat stop, you should immediately perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

4. Tilt the patient's head to one side, or take the lateral decubitus position to avoid choking on vomit to the trachea.

5. If possible, immediately inhale oxygen, and send to the hospital as soon as possible for rescue, hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the most effective method for carbon monoxide poisoning.

Second, the "silent killer" one carbon dioxide

Due to poor ventilation conditions, the air composition of some unreasonably designed underground storage rooms and air-raid shelters is very different from that of the outside atmosphere. The farther away from the ground, the worse the ventilation, and when the storage material decays, its gas composition and proportion will change greatly, and the oxygen content will be significantly reduced; increased carbon dioxide content; Formation of other toxic gases. If people enter underground buildings with reduced oxygen levels and high carbon dioxide levels, it may cause hypoxic suffocation, and if it also contains other toxic gases, it is even more harmful.

In rural areas, vegetables are mostly stored in vegetable cellars in winter, because the ventilation in the cellar is too poor, lack of oxygen, and carbon dioxide accumulates. As soon as the door of the cellar is opened, people will immediately suffocate in the cellar.

(1) What are the manifestations of carbon dioxide suffocation?

The general manifestations are dizziness, headache, tinnitus, dizziness, weakness of limbs, followed by nausea, vomiting, palpitation, shortness of breath, and gradually shortness of breath, becoming fast and shallow. With the aggravation of hypoxia, consciousness is gradually blurred, the skin, lips, and nails of the whole body show obvious bruising, blood pressure drops, pupils dilate, the patient falls into a coma, and finally dies of hypoxia suffocation.

(2) How to give first aid to suffocation in underground buildings?

1. When you find that someone in the cellar is unconscious, you should first think that there may be toxic and harmful gases in the cellar.

2. If there is no effective ventilation or no safety protection equipment on the site, you must not blindly enter, otherwise you will not be able to save others and harm yourself.

3. Immediately open the vent of the cellar or use an electric fan to blow air inside. You can also light a candle or oil lamp and hang it with a rope deep inside the cellar, if the lamp turns itself out, it means that there is still a lack of oxygen in the cellar, and the first aid personnel should continue to ventilate. If the lights are not extinguished, save the person immediately.

4. When the scene is not effectively ventilated, professional first aid personnel can only enter the scene after wearing safety protective equipment.

5. Move the patient to a place with fresh air, loosen the clothes, tilt the patient's head to one side, or take the lateral decubitus position, and remove the foreign body in the mouth in time to avoid choking on the trachea; If the breathing and heartbeat stop, immediately perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, call the emergency number, and activate the emergency system.

6. After the rescuer enters the underground building, if he feels dizzy, dizzy, palpitation, difficulty breathing and other symptoms, he should return immediately to avoid poisoning. Even if you wear a gas mask, you should calculate the time strictly and never be careless.

3. Natural gas poisoning

The main components of natural gas are low-molecular-weight alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane and butane, and also contain small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and other gases. Commonly used natural gas contains more than 85% methane. Poisoning is often caused by air leakage, fire, and explosion.

(1) What are the manifestations of natural gas poisoning?

It is mainly suffocation, and if the natural gas also contains hydrogen sulfide, the toxicity increases. In the early stage, there are dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, etc., and in severe cases, direct vision, coma, dyspnea, and stiffness of the limbs appear.

(2) How to give first aid for natural gas poisoning?

1. Pay attention to the on-site environment and confirm safety.

2. Open the window immediately.

3. After the environment is safe, move the patient to a place with fresh air, untie the clothes, and inhale oxygen immediately if possible.

4. Call 120 and send to the hospital for emergency treatment as soon as possible.

5. If there is a coma, the patient's head should be tilted to one side, or the lateral decubitus position should be taken to avoid the vomit from choking on the trachea, and the foreign body in the mouth must be removed in time; Patients with respiratory depression should immediately undergo artificial respiration; For patients with cardiac arrest, CPR is performed immediately.

4. Liquefied petroleum gas poisoning

The main components of liquefied petroleum gas are propane, propylene, butane and butylene, and all the hydrocarbons that make up liquefied petroleum gas have a strong anesthetic effect.

First aid: refer to natural gas poisoning.

5. Gas poisoning

The main component is alkanes, of which methane accounts for the vast majority, and small amounts of ethane, propane and butane.

First aid: refer to natural gas poisoning.

6. Chlorine poisoning

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas with a strong pungent odor and a suffocating odor, which is inseparable from many industries and pesticide production. The harm of chlorine to the human body is mainly manifested in the strong stimulation of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, which can cause respiratory burns, acute pulmonary edema, etc., thereby causing acute failure of lung and heart function.

(1) What are the manifestations of acute chlorine poisoning?

First of all, there are obvious symptoms of upper respiratory tract mucosal irritation, severe cough, spitting, sore throat, shortness of breath, facial bruising, and wheezing. The poisoning continues to worsen, causing alveolar edema, causing acute pulmonary edema and systemic failure. Inhalation of high concentration of chlorine, such as the content of chlorine per liter of air exceeds 2~3mg, serious symptoms can appear: dyspnea, cyanosis, heart failure, and the patient quickly dies due to paralysis of the respiratory center, often only a few minutes to 1 hour.

(2) How to give first aid to acute chlorine poisoning?

1. Pay attention to the on-site environment and confirm safety.

2. Ventilate immediately.

3. After the environment is safe, move the patient to a place with fresh air, untie the clothes, and inhale oxygen immediately if possible.

4. Send to the hospital for rescue as soon as possible.

5. If there is a coma, the patient's head should be tilted to one side, or the lateral decubitus position should be taken to avoid the vomit from choking on the trachea, and the foreign body in the mouth must be removed in time; Patients with respiratory depression should immediately undergo artificial respiration; For patients with cardiac arrest, CPR is performed immediately.

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